Monday, September 30, 2019

Introduction to Operating Systems

Brief history of three different Operating Systems (OS). For the three OS I chose Windows, Linux and Apple systems. Windows 1. 0: The very first version of Windows, Windows 1. 0, basic interface that used â€Å"gadgets,† like the calendar and calculator, but it gained little popularity. Released in 1985, the system had basic functionality, introduced the first version of MS Paint and a primitive word processor. Windows 2. 0: Released in 1987, was not much better than the first. While 2. 0 introduced two current staples Excel and Word to users 2. went under fire when Macintosh sued Microsoft for mimicking the look and feel of their current operating system. The lawsuit was dropped. Windows 3. 0: The introduction of virtual memory, improved graphics, and the ability to multitask helped propel Windows to sell 10 million copies. In fact, while it was released in 1990, Windows 3. 0 wasn't discontinued until 2001. Windows 3. 1: A pseudo-release for Microsoft, Windows 3. 1 contained fixes and improved font functionality. Microsoft continued to develop a new release, Windows NT, hoping it could be released as a continuation of Windows 3. and 3. 1. Unfortunately, issues with driver support and software meant it was time for a new version altogether. Windows 95: The change from 16-bit to 32-bit, Windows 95 was designed for increased compatibility and ultimate user-friendliness. Became clear that consumer computers would become the future, Windows 95 was offered on newer computers only because it lacked some backwards compatibility at first. Newer releases and patches made the version easier to use on older machines, by 1995, Microsoft had achieved a widespread interest in home computers. Windows 4. : The follow-up to Windows 3. 0, Windows 4. 0 released in 1996 with minor improvements and is not considered a major Windows release. Windows 98: As consumer computers became widespread, Windows 98 improved hardware and hardware drivers, Internet Explorer, and eventually Internet connection sharing. Released in 1998, with a new release in 1999, Microsoft 98 was the first release designed specifically for consumers, as opposed to the business or technology set. Windows 2000: Windows 2000 made everyone's lives easier increasing the number of plug and play devices compatible with the OS. Windows ME (Millennial Edition) was also released, offering the system recovery tool to help return a crashed computer to its last known operating settings. Windows XP: The system designed for ease and stability, Windows XP was released in 2001, offering plenty of ease and functionality for laptop and desktop users. The OS was designed to offer users help through a comprehensive help center, gave users the ability to consume a number of different types of media. Windows Vista: Widely considered a flop in technology circles, Windows Vista was released in 2006. Vista had high system requirements and suffered issues with performance and security. The OS also tended to drain laptop batteries. The version lasted only three years, during which some users downgraded back to XP avoiding the pitfalls of Vista. Windows 7: For this current release of Windows, Microsoft learned its mistakes with Vista and created an OS with speed, stability and minimal system requirements. Microsoft ditched the gadget bar from Vista, replacing with a cleaner feel. This version was released in 2009. Windows 8: This latest Windows release is getting a lot of attention. With redesigned Metro-style user interface and Windows Store, this version is, once again, redefining what Windows is. It also comes with integrated antivirus protection, a virtual hard disk and a new platform based on HTML5 and JavaScript. Windows 8 promises faster boot time, touchscreen compatibility and the ability to create a bootable USB flash drive. It may not be enough to get people to switch from Windows 7, but at least it's a glimpse into the future of the Windows operating system. Linux is an OS for your computer. Like the Mac and Windows systems, it provides the basic computer services needed for someone to do things with a computer. It is the middle layer between the computer hardware and the software applications you run. Full applications have capabilities like boldface type and picture editing tools. None of this is available through the OS. Yet all of it is done by communicating with the machinery of the computer through the OS. You may highlight a word in word processor and tell it that you want that word in bold type, but the OS tells the computer which pixels (or part of the screen) to darken. Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds and a band of programmers who voluntarily developed the core program of the system (aka, the kernel). That program was originally compatible for another operating system called Minix, but later development made it usable with GNU software. GNU is pronounced like the animal and stands for ‘GNU's Not Unix. ‘ It was a project conceived by Richard Stallman in 1983 in response to the increasing tendency of software companies to copyright their software under terms that prohibited sharing. GNU's purpose: to develop a wholly free system. It had achieved significant progress toward this goal by the time that Linus and others had developed their kernel in the 1990s. While many people refer to the combination of the two as â€Å"Linux†, this is not correct. The kernel combined with GNU's free software is properly called â€Å"GNU/Linux. Both the kernel and the software are freely available under licensing that is sometimes called â€Å"copyleft†. Where traditional copyright was meant to restrict usage and ownership of a copyrighted item to as few people as possible, inhibiting development and growth, GNU/Linux is different. It is released under terms designed to ensure that as many people as possible are allowed to receive, use, share, and modify the software. That license is called the GPL (GNU Public License). Ubuntu depends on the Linux kernel and includes many GNU applications. So, when someone speaks of the Ubuntu kernel for a computer, they are actually talking about a recent version of the Linux kernel. Most of the applications that are available for Ubuntu are either part of the GNU collection or are released under the GPL. For Apple not much information was found. However, they provide a timeline of the OS. 1978: In June of 1978 Apple introduces Apple DOS 3. 1, the first operating system for the Apple computers. 1984: Apple introduces System 1. 1985: Apple introduces System 2. 1986: Apple introduces System 3. 1987: Apple introduces System 4. 1988: Apple introduces System 6. 1991: Apple introduces System 7 operating system May 13, 1991. 1995: Apple allows other computer companies to clone its computer by announcing it is licensed the Macintosh operating system rights to Radius on January 4. 1997: Apple introduces Mac OS 8. 997: Apple buys NeXT Software Inc. for $400 million and acquires Steve Jobs, Apples cofounder, as a consultant. 1999: Apple introduces Mac OS 9. 2001: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. 0 code named Cheetah and becomes available March 24, 2001. 2001: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. 1 code named Puma and becomes available on September 25, 2001. 2002: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. 2 code named Jaguar and becomes available on August 23, 2002. 2003: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. 3 code named Panther October 25, 2003. 2004: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. code named Tiger at the WWDC on June 28, 2004. 2007: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. 5 code named Leopard October 26, 2007. 2008: Apple introduces Mac OS X 10. 6 code named Snow Leopard and MobileMe at the WWDC on June 9, 2008. Factors that may lead users to upgrade the OS they use is stability, performance and security. Windows Vista had many issues in these areas making users switch back to XP. For other OS not quite sure if any had serious issues, though the newer versions gave more reason to upgrade. My personal use of OS has only been with Windows and A pple IOS on a cell phone. Never a fan of Apple but Windows I like. It has been so long since I used XP that I am unsure of why I switched other than I had to because my new PC had a different version. Despite the problems with Vista I was like Sheldon when using 7 the first time, 7 is too user friendly. However, I love Windows 7 and do not intend on upgrading until I have no choice. For Apple use on a cell phone there may be a chance I do not like this IOS because it is only through a phone and they have not yet made phones run just like PC’s. I do plan on buying an Apple computer soon so I can get more experience with the OS. Linux is an OS I am not even sure if I ever used, it is possible I did when computers first came out because my neighbor was a computer fan and was also the person that got me into technology. That was so long ago that I barely recall anything I did through her computers, all I remember is I had to tell the PC what to do like command prompts. If Linux OS is the same, than I do enjoy this system.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Deoderent Market in India Essay

Abstract Topic:- Monopoly or monopolistic competition in Deodorant brands? After seeing so many outrageous deodorant advertisements on television we were wondering whether it affects the consumer behavior and we also wanted to find out whether Axe has a monopoly over this market or not. The aim of this assignment is to compare the parent companies of five deodorant brands with the help of ratio analysis. We are going to consider the time period 2007-12. Primary data was collected through a survey which will help us determine what thinking goes behind purchasing a deo between college students and the office going crowd. To conduct the ratio analysis we used secondary data by obtaining the balance sheets of the various companies. The market share and revenues of five major brands- Axe, Adidas, Nivea, Wildstone and Park Avenue will be analyzed. Introduction Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as goods but not perfect substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or location). In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms.[1] In a monopolistically competitive market, firms can behave like monopolies in the short run, including by using market power to generate profit. In the long run, however, other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition. There are six characteristics of monopolistic competition (MC): * Product differentiation * Many firms * Free entry and exit in the long run * Independent decision making * Market Power * Buyers and Sellers do not have perfect information (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic_competition) Economic Background The deodorant market in India is estimated at Rs 900 crore. Men’s deodorants dominate the category with a 70 per cent share estimated at Rs 650 crore. The segment is expected to grow 25 per cent annually to become three times its current size in the next five years. The overall deodorant market has grown by about 40 per cent a year in the past five years driven by introduction of new brands and aggressive media promotions. The market will continue to grow at 20-25 per cent thanks to low penetration and availability at low price points. Deodorant sales are seasonal — maximum sales happen in the summer months (April to September). About 90 per cent of the market is concentrated in the mass segment (with deodorants priced between Rs 125 and Rs 175 for a 150 ml pack). With new players entering the category at popular price points, the mass segment, with brands like Axe, Adidas, Nike and Reebok, will continue to grow faster and command higher share in the deodorant market. The size of the premium and above segments, which have brands like Burberry, The Body Shop, Kenzo and Ralph Lauren, will double by value in the next five years. (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kit-the-men%5Cs-deodorant-market-in-india/443714) Method We will be using the financial tools of various ratios to determine which company has been more successful in this market. Survey The survey was conducted on 200 males in the college and office going crowd the results were as follows. 1. Which Deodorant do you use? Analysis As we can see from the above graph that Axe has a majority amongst the people surveyed while the others are below 10%. This gives us a picture of the domination of Axe in this market and same is the case when market share all over India is observed. 2. Reason for buying the particular brand. From the above graph we find that the decision of people in the age group of 15-25 behind buying a particular deodorant is not its fragrance but its price followed by easy availability and advertising. This shows us that main factor which affects a consumer’s decision, in this age group is the price of the product followed by other factors regarding quality, availability etc. This was the result obtained from the office crowd which gave an entirely different reason. The consumers decision in this age group is affected by the brand as people become brand conscious and are more bothered about which brand they use rather than its use. After the brand value the price affects their decisions. Hence from both these results we see that consumer behaviour varies on the different age groups and changes as a consumer grows older. Findings: Name: Mahikaansh Reddy Brand: AXE (Hindustan Unilever) AXE was launched in France in 1983 by Unilever. It was inspired by another of Unilever’s brands, Impulse. Unilever were keen to capitalize on AXE’s French success and the rest of Europe from 1985 onwards, later introducing the other products in the range. Unilever were unable to use the name AXE in the United Kingdom and Ireland due to trademark problems so it was launched as Lynx. The European launch of the deodorant was followed by success in Latin America and moderate impact in Asia and Africa. In the new millennium, the brand has launched with great success in the United States and Canada. The company has also consolidated its deodorant portfolio by migrating other overlapping male deodorants into the Lynx brand such as South Africa’s Ego brand. In January 2012, Unilever launched its first Lynx product for women in the United Kingdom as part of a global expansion of the previously men’s-only brand. The AXE deodorant was popular in India in the Grey market (duty paid shops). Impressed by the volume of AXE sold there, AXE deodorant was launched in India in 1999. The brand launch was very quiet and had the strategy of ‘High Price, Low Promotion’. At that time, the deodorant market was a nascent one with an estimated market size of Rs 72 crore. HLL, at that time, had the brands Denim and Rexona and was ruling the market. AXE was priced at a premium. In just three years flat, AXE had a market share of over 35% and HLL started phasing out Denim to concentrate more on AXE. It is known for its very controversial advertisements which actually helped in its publicity and led to a faster growth in the industry. Its target group was mainly men between the age group of 18-24 as they were seen as the easiest to convince with such advertisements. Not only does the brand use TV commercials to its advantage, but it also uses its print ads effectively. Besides print, the brand also uses outdoors for maximum impact. Hence, Axe is a classic example of the 360 degree branding effort. Therefore Axe is a perfect example of how important advertising is for a brand and how it can lead to higher revenues. Marketing Mix 1. Product: 2. Place: Available at all malls across India. Every deodorant selling shop will 99% be selling Axe. All other variants of Axe brand could be purchased from established retailers viz. BIG BAZAAR (PANTALOONS RETAIL INDIA LIMITED). 1. Promotion: Concentrates on single- segment male youth and targets young at heart. The competitive advantage of this brand is its complete monopoly over this proposition. The â€Å"Axe Effect† is one of the most famous claim in the world. This so called effect is supposed to draw women in hordes to any male who has sprayed himself liberally with the Axe deodorant. The advertisements are very slick and usually display a normal male but with oodles of self-assurance as an Axe user. The females get irresistibly drawn to this male implying that Axe acts like a nasal aphrodisiac. 2. The Axe brand of deodorants is from Unilever and is primarily targeted at 15 to 25 year old males. The brand portrays normal yet cool, trendy and confident, a positioning that is aspirational to the target segment. At a more subtle level, the Axe Effect also acts on the confidence levels of the user. The very act of being associated with the brand serves to boost the ego. The success of AXE attracted lots of new brands which were trying to follow the same marketing strategy as AXE. The one notable difference though is that all these newbies use hunks as opposed to the regular guys which are a stable for the Axe advertisements. This strategy has proven very effective for the brand. It comes across as approachable and it acts like a confidante and friend to its users. They are currently distributed in more than 40 countries. Unilever started out allotting roughly 60 percent of its advertising budget to television, but it has since winnowed that down to about 30 percent, pouring more money into offbeat alternatives. Competitive analysis: Axe faces competition from new entrants such as Wildstone, Adidas, Park Avenue etc. However among all these brands AXE has a dominating share in the market because of the brand equity and brand loyalty that it has built and is leveraging the same. AXE has a wide acceptance among the youth which forms the major chunk of perfume & deodorant users. Vis-à  -vis all these the AXE deodorant never forgets to promote any of its new product. AXE time and again, on launch of the new product goes for PR as well as wide advertising campaigns. 3. Target group- 18 to 24 What next? As such, I believe that AXE has the potential to spread its reach and increase its market share by expanding into the 35-50 year old demographic. In doing so, AXE will need to associate and disassociate itself with a more mature brand image and its inexpensive nature respectively, thereby attracting the average male aged 35-50 years. Hence it needs to re-focus the marketing mix towards 35-50 year old demographic, whilst retaining its keystone market, the 16-25 year olds. Conclusion Axe has a very large share in this market and has hardly got a foot wrong. It just needs to follow its tried and tested market strategies and build upon it, by doing that it can thwart the competition and maintain its kind of monopoly in the market. The only thing that could be suggested is to increase its target group so that it could expand more in the market and serve a larger base leading to higher revenues. Hence Axe just needs to follow what it was doing from before and be wary of the new competition in this segment with the help of excessive advertising and PR.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

National Parks As Playgrounds

1. My reason for deciding National Parks are playgrounds * A National Park is an area set aside by Government for the protection of the environment. National Parks should be preserved but at the same time they should be enjoyed by members of the public which makes me have the opinion that they should be places for current enjoyment, i.e. playgrounds. * I do not think that National Parks are museums because museums are buildings used for storing and exhibiting objects of historical, scientific, or cultural interest. * Also, I do not think that National Parks are Sanctuaries because these are known as Nature Reserves which protect plants, birds and wild animals for their own sake. 2. Additional reasons why I consider National Parks are playgrounds * In England, National Parks were defined by Act of Parliament (1949) as â€Å"areas of great natural beauty giving opportunities for open-air recreation, established so that natural beauty can be preserved and enhanced and so that the enjoyment of the scenery by the public can be promoted.† I believe this to be a very interesting point. * I believe National Parks are playgrounds because they are enjoyed by visitors, and are not kept just to be preserved. They should be enjoyed while they are still here and Government needs to ensure that the National Parks are properly managed to preserve them for future generations. * All National Parks provide basic opportunities for walking, riding and fishing but some provide specialist attractions e.g. caving and pot holing in the limestone areas of the Brecon Beacons and the Peak District. National Parks provide the facilities for over night accommodation and the use of walkways and trails for visitors free of charge. 3. Data information to support why National Parks are playgrounds * Park passes can be purchased by email, at Parks Canada service Centres in Calgory and Edmonton, at some gas stations and outdoor equipment stores, as well as at the park gates, and at automated pass machines. * Local book stores sell maps, guides and books on low impact camping. * Campsites are close to roads for access by recreational vehicles. Most have flush toilets, and some have showers. Only the Tunnel Mountain site near Banff, and the Lake Louise Trailer Park have electricity hook-ups. Both sites are open throughout the year. The others are open in the summer months only. Fees are between $10 and $20 a night, with an extra $3 firewood. * Banff has it's popularity, it's ecological and cultural importance, it's contribution to the economy and it's service to visitors all serve to create a park that is quite unlike any other protected area in Canada. * Banff is a place where people can discover the wonder of the natural environment and appreciate first hand the richness of the heritage. It is also a place where people recognise their role in the Eco-system and act accordingly. * Costa Rica has 60% services * Tourism in Costa Rica now has more than 781,000 tourists each year. Giving it the 69th biggest tourist industry out of 176 countries world wide. * Costa Rica's National Parks contain volcanoes, cave systems, tropical forests and long sandy beaches many of the 781,000 tourists visit the National Parks. They include scientists, naturalists and Eco-tourists as well as sight-seers. * Costa Rica is an L.E.D.C, the GNP is very low but the life expectance in very high – 76 years. * Many National Parks are located within easy access of major conurbation's. This has allowed a large number of visitors including those who live in urban areas to visit areas of natural beauty such as the Lake District and Tortuguero National Parks. This is mainly due to the large growth of the motorway network e.g. the vast road systems in the North of Costa Rica, which has allowed driving times to be reduced and has also lead to reduced driving distances between conurbation's and National Parks. * Banff National Park's vegetation includes alpine meadows covered with flowers. There are campgrounds and trailer sites for visitors, as well as hotels in nearby towns. The great influx of visitors has made difficult the maintenance of Banff National Park as a conservation area, and it has become mainly * Costa Rica's National Parks help to protect many of the countries 208 species of mammals, 850 birds, 220 reptiles, and 132 amphibians as well as 9000 plants. a recreational area. are bred and protected National Parks may contain birds and animals 6. The large numbers of people entering National Parks could begin to change the Parks. They could cause problems such as congestion, ruining natural habitats, the gradual erosion of footpaths and vegetation and the overcrowding of â€Å"Honeypots.† Therefore visitors need to be managed to make sure that these problems don't occur this can be achieved by giving guided tours, only allowing a certain number of people to enter the park or setting up toll systems where visitors have to pay to view the scenery or experience the wide range of activities the park has to offer. The final solution to dealing with the problem of too many tourists is to use zones which can help to protect wildlife and allow Eco-systems to be maintained, they can help the park authorities because they allow the control and management of visitors coming in and out of the park. The only problem with zoning is that it prevents free access for visitors. Banff National Park is managed because it allows nature to flourish and people from all around the world can take part in the life of the park and also allows the richness of life to be respected and celebrated.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Johann Sebastian Bach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Johann Sebastian Bach - Essay Example Bach struggled to secure his position at Arnstadt, after that he moved to St. Blasius in Mhlhausen from where he obtained organistship. Bach ws universally acclaimed for his keyboard performance. He served as Hofkonzertmeister to the duke of Weimar, where his job responsibility the composition of sacred music, "the great cantata, Ich hatte viel Bekmmerniss, was probably the first work of his new office". Bach was also appointed as "Kapellmeister to the duke of Cthen". During this period he initiated his work on "book of the Wohltemperirtes Klavier, the solo violin and violoncello sonatas, the Brandenburg concertos". Bach was deeply inspired by Handel, he therefore made "copy of his Passion nach Brockes". Bach developed the finest Passion and Der Tod Jesu which were revealed after his death, it was Bach who transformed Brockes. The major achievements of Back include "the Passion according to St. Matthew and the B Minor Mass". The importance of Bach in the history of music can never be ignored or avoided. His role can never be regarded as oil-fashioned, "a true composer the effect on the history of music was immediate and profound". ... Cultural, Religious and Philosophical Aspect of Bach: Detail Analysis The St. Matthew by Bach is considered "the most monumental Passion ever composed". It was written in 1729, the master piece was written with the support of C.F. Henrici. The historians have commented that there is deep background behind this music, and the music has political and cultural aspects attach to it. As per record, "there are four Passions based on the particular Evangelist: John, Luke, Matthew, or Mark". At the time when Bach composed St. Matthew, it was regarded as "being one of the greatest sacred choral works ever composed", it has been also regarded as "the greatest classical composition in the entire field". As per musicians, Bach has used "double chorus and orchestra which are integral parts of the work's architecture and enhances its majestic nature". As per historians, on weekly basis "a Passion was performed in one of Leipzig's two principal churches, St., Thomas and St. Nicholas". It is realised that "Bach probably faced no harder task among his duties as Thomask antor and music director of the city of Leipzig than the preparation of the yearly Passion music". In 1739, the music developed by Bach received criticism from the town council, however Bach hold clerk and informed them that he was not worried and "did not care, for got nothing out of it anyway, and it was only a burden". It is on record that the composer "spoke as a man embittered by numerous and protracted disputes with the Leipzig authorities". It is acknowledged that "the challenges involved in the creation of a Passion seem to have engaged him keenly". As per historians, Bach had

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example It is an indispensable tool that comes in aid in every field like education, communications and work. Spending time on Internet is a productive activity, but if the same is carried out excessively can lead to obstacles in the normal living pattern of the people. Internet can bestow various beneficial services to human kind but when the use of this technology gets out of hand and becomes an obsession, and then a person can destroy his life. It can have so much negative impact on one’s life that one hardly notices unless it gets too late. When people chat with friends who are on line and play games on net or gamble on line they get unknowingly involved in the act so deeply that they forget it’s negative consequences .This kind of acts turn into a compulsive action that the Internet user never realizes it for long time The Internet addicted person can many a times face difficulty in remaining aloof from Internet and soon get victimized to Internet addiction disorder. How I nternet Addiction Occur Among People In today’s world, everyone engages with Internet despite of age, sex and location. Internet has become such a part of people’s life that whenever a person is depressed or stressed they approach Internet to uplift their mood. The Internet give access to various types of communicative options and entertainment sources which makes people alleviated in less time with minimum effort. Each person use Internet for various reasons and it is mostly the social networking sites which make the person addicted to Internet. The various chat sites like yahoo, Msn and Google have made the lives of people easy in communicating with each other and finding new friends and starting new relationships. Internet addiction is also known in the name of computer addiction and different types of impulses are connected to it. People are able to use Internet to entertain themselves with the help of many websites which specialize in games, movies, social network ing and gambling. Using g Internet for necessity is not objectionable, but if this activity consume more time of people’s life then it can be said that person is addicted to Internet. â€Å"The rationale why people become addicted to the Internet is vast. Some theories to explain addiction disorders are rooted with behavioral explanations, psychodynamic and personality explanations, socio -cultural explanations, and biomedical explanations†. (Duran).When people get too much involved with computer and ignore work, relationship and themselves then he is to be considered as an Internet addicted. If people feel they cannot live without Internet and finds no time for other activities of their life then he is addicted to the Internet completely. When people are driven by unpleasant feelings and stressful situation they are less likely to know whom to approach to make their situation better and resort to computer. In such a situation they find computer as their best friend an d start indulging in entertaining sites provided by web world. When people use Internet they get relieved from stressful problems faced by them and get a soothing and comforting pleasure from it. Negative feelings like loneliness, depression, anxiety and despair are relieved when people get connected to Internet. Another important factor is that computer is an easily accessible electronic gadget and people can operate it without much difficulty. They hardly think of any other option when computer is

Critical Evaluation and Application for the Anaesthesia and Post Anaes Assignment

Critical Evaluation and Application for the Anaesthesia and Post Anaesthesia Practice - Assignment Example The search was limited to the article that was published within the last five years in order to obtain the latest study that has been done on anesthesia practices. Moreover, the research settled on articles that were published in English because the language is easy and convenient to understand. From 102 articles, 6 articles were analyzed in relation to the study of anesthesia (Halligan 2003, p. 671) Additionally, the literature reviews help in determining how these two clinical instruments may influence the performance of all the involved experts, particularly anesthetist among other clinical technicians. The framework by Moule et al. (2003, p. 201) for critical appraisal of the article will be used to follow logical guidance process towards critical review (Appendix3). The paper is completed by analyzing the Kauffman et al (2013, p. 302) study on pediatric anesthesia (Appendix 2). The research also reviews other secondary data with the intention of understanding other author’s ideas on pediatric anesthesia. The study population selected for this study consisted of 100 pediatric patients who were less than seven years of age. These children were to undergo elective surgery with endotracheal intubation (Rose 2009, p. 665). The study excluded patients having the previous history of mask ventilation or intubation since these sets of patients are usually exposed to anesthesia medical practices. Other exclusion criteria included a Cormack and Lehane grade of >2 during the direct laryngoscopy DL with the main aim of determining equality of visualization, particularly of the larynx. Similarly, patients who had higher risk classification more than ASA II were also excluded from the research (Divatia and Bhowmick, 2005, p. 315). Therefore, the study requires the application of the technique on pediatric and infant cases which show difficulty in intubation, or that show deviance from  normal laryngeal anatomy (Divatia and Bhowmick, 2005, p. 89). Visualization in such cases is crucial, and methodology suggested in this study can be of extreme benefit in clinical practice.  

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

The Trouble with Celebrity Endorsers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Trouble with Celebrity Endorsers - Article Example Another point raised is brand equity. Brand equity is something that the company builds over time in order to differentiate itself from the other competitors in the market. The article suggests that instead of leveraging on celebrity’s image, the brand should be able to develop its own equity through leaving out costly promotion into adding more product features, etc. Having learned in marketing that promotion is a key to creating customer awareness, I believe that companies should invest in promotion especially in the first months or years of a brand in order to introduce it to consumers. However, in the latter life, the real value should be delivered to customers. This article opens my eyes to the challenges faced by marketing strategist. Promotion is far more complicated than having celebrity wears the product or recommends the brand. There should be an alignment in the image of the celebrity as well as the celebrity being used for promotion. The article highlights how Nokia is faring through the economic downturn in industrialized economies especially the United States. The past months have witnessed how the world economic leader in the past is undergoing the recession. As a consumer, I have read and seen how investment firms collapse, laborers laid-off, and even the more profitable retailers’ close down. Looking at in a marketing viewpoint, this change in the business environment challenges businesses to reinvent themselves and their various strategies in order to survive. Nokia’s response to the situation is to cut cost in order to maintain profitability. However, the low demand brought about by the bleak economic outlook and lower purchasing power of customers remains the key consideration. Thus, companies should focus on strategies other than minimizing operations and marketing costs.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

The Issue of Leadership in Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Issue of Leadership in Christianity - Essay Example Leadership and vision in Christianity is consistent with this view and comprised of many secular beliefs relative to leadership components including understanding effective communications and the ability to persuasively to motivate. In essence, it’s the capability to lead organizations and individuals, to accomplish specific goals and objectives. As spiritual restorationism became a reality, the concept is clear that early Church leaders formed the basis of diverse protestant denominations different from what many may believe today were the original teachings of Jesus Christ. To get a sense of the differentiation of dissenting groups, several models have been reviewed during the course of this study including the belief that the Pope was Christ’s vicar, the Episcopal view (bishops as leaders), the Presbyterians who lead through â€Å"elders† of the congregation, the Congregationalist who make up rules unique to individual congregations, and The Evangelicals who are open about salvation even without church structure. As a result of these differing views, ultimately the various groups separated themselves from other each other, although in some cases this was over relatively small theological issues. Often differentiation was memorialized in confessionals composed as a roadmap for followers, which outlined the belief system and the code believers should follow. Confessionals were often fairly similar because they were based on the same historical tenants and basic religious beliefs. There is a tremendous amount of historical information associated with these unique groups, and it’s interesting to look at the similarities and differences. As a component of this review two major factions, the Episcopal and the Presbyterian factions, were selected from the list selected to compare and contrast relative to leadership style and structure. The Episcopal religion is based on a leadership system

Monday, September 23, 2019

Iconic Architectural Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Iconic Architectural Structures - Essay Example By understanding the denotation and connotation attached to iconic architecture, the role of the same can be understood. In the particular case of the World Trade Center, it is observed that the meaning or significance of the architecture has been changing over time with the time period almost divided as before and after the September 2001 attacks or more popularly known as 9/11. It is further observed that the new architectures are increasingly instrumental in defining the places which can be attributed more to the increased influence of myths and the political ideologies than the more subtle semiotics and the simpler symbolism. This dissertation work titled 'Will the new iconic architectural structures carry the same intrinsic meaning in defining the cities' is carried out to study and understand the various aspects of building iconic architectures and the different meanings attributed to the visual structures. The various monuments or architectures built in the different time periods have attained an iconic status and always remain to occupy a special place in the history of the place and time. These structures have been conveying a myriad of simple to complex meanings. The theories proposed by various cultural theorists and urbanists like Gaston Bachelard in his 'Poetics of Space' (Ockman, 2001), Roland Barthes's theory of 'language of Signs' (Barthes, n.d.), Pirece's 'Threefold approach in understanding the complete meaning of any iconic architecture' (Chandler, 2005)

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Cultural Differences in Body Language Essay Example for Free

Cultural Differences in Body Language Essay Do you know what I am doing? (thumbs up to the side – Hitch hiking). When I do this, most of you would think it means â€Å"good job†. But in the middle east, for example in Iran, it’s an insult similar to â€Å"the middle finger†. Good evening Madam Toastmaster, fellow toastmasters and guests, tonight let’s look at body language in different cultures. Do you agree that gestures can communicate as effectively as words? I agree. Some might argue, it maybe even more than words. However we must be aware different culture has different body language. Therefore, in our personal and business lives, careful consideration must be given to whom we are with and where they are from. A question that we might ask is; do we expect other cultures to adapt to our customs and protocol, or are we willing to make an extra effort to learn more about how they prefer to communicate? It wouldnt be the first time that someone who wasnt familiar with the communication customs of another country, found themselves in a rather embarrassing situation. Many years ago, President Richard Nixon arrived in a foreign country. Upon his arrival, he stood at the top of the stairs leading from his aircraft door, and overlooked the welcoming crowd gathered below him. He smiled and proudly raised both hands high in the air, palms facing outward and gave a gesture of his trademark famous Peace sign (as he had done many times before while travelling abroad). However the crown immediately began to jeer and hiss at the President, and he found himself on the receiving end of a hostile and rude welcome. Could you imagine how he felt? The reason was because in the country he was visiting, the two fingered, palms outward Peace sign, which was acceptable in North America, was an absolutely offensive gesture to the local people in that African country. This would have been the equivalent of a president from another country visiting New Zealand, and with a smile, flipped the bird which in their country might have meant greetings. As a member of the audience, how might you react? In North America, a simple thumbs up gesture can mean that things are great or a hitchhiking sign which indicates I need a ride. However, in Greece, this gesture signifies up yours when accompanied with a rapid upward and slower downward motion. The gesture for YES is often thought to be universal, however in India they wobble their heads from side to side to say yes. Correct me if I’m wrong my Indian friends. There are also variations in saying no. In Greece they toss their head up. In Japan, they wave their hands in front of their nose like ur gesture for stinky. Or, how about the OK sign where the index finger and the thumb connect to make an O shape and the three remaining fingers point up and slightly flare out. Although acceptable in Western culture to signal that things are A-OK, in Russia or Turkey, this gesture can represent a sexual insult. specifically an orifice (thats as far as Ill go with that). In China you may see two men walk hand in hand or with an arm around anothers shoulder. This is a sign of friendship. However, the situation is regarded as homosexual in American culture. In some countries such as France or Italy, it is acceptable to exchange a kiss on one or both cheeks while shaking hands when greeting one another. In other countries such as Japan, this type of behavior is considered impolite as the Japanese are considered to be a non-touch society relative to other cultures. The Japanese have a respectful custom to bow to each other. The most senior status person bows the least and the least status person having to bow first and display the deepest bend from the waist. Business cards are exchanged and read first in a complex formality. This ritual is to determine the seniority, position or rank of everyone in the room first. Then the bowing gesture commences based on the information read. For example, let’s say Tony Cooper is the CEO of Mitsubishi Motors in Japan. I am a small department manager from Fontera†¦the process is: So as you can see, it is really important to know your audience. If you are traveling to other countries, you need to be aware that some of the most commonly acceptable gestures at home can have a completely different meaning to someone from abroad. Demonstrating a sound knowledge of the cultural differences in nonverbal communication will get you noticed and others will appreciate that you are both respectful and prepared. Tonight you’ve learnt as least one thing: be careful if you thumb a ride in Greece O Take the time and invest in a little research to become culturally educated. By doing this you will be able to: Save the embarrassment. (i. e. Be careful if you thumb a ride in Greece O) Gain the competitive edge. A little research can go a long way prior to traveling abroad on business. Surely it helps if you are willing to make an extra effort to learn more about how they prefer to communicate. As the saying goes, In Rome, do like the Romans do. Get to know your audience and their customs. Remember in business, its about being prepared and establishing rapport quickly. Understanding body language in different culture might be the very thing that tips the scales in your favor and will give you the competitive edge youre looking for.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Cause And Effects Of Land Degradation Environmental Sciences Essay

Cause And Effects Of Land Degradation Environmental Sciences Essay Land degradation is an issue of increasing concern to most countries. It is a concept in which the value of the environment is affected by one or more combination of human induced processes acting upon the land. It also means the deterioration in the quantity of land or soil that affects phenomena such as floods and bushfires. The land degradation threatens not only the viability of agriculture, but also water quality, human health, biodiversity and the fundamental ecological processes on which all life depend. The loss of arable land has been caused by a number of factors, many or most of which are tied to human development and agriculture used. The major causes are land clearance such as clear cutting and deforestation, agriculture activities, irrigation salinity and over drafting, livestock including overgrazing, pollution and industrialization. Overgrazing is a common problem in many parts of Australia. It is caused by animals, generally sheep, cattle, or other feral animals, all concentrated in the one area, all feeding on the grass and shrubs. Grass and shrubs hold the soil firmly together. The removal of grass and shrubs leaves the soil bare and susceptible to wind and water erosion. The soil can be broken up or compacted by hooves, this makes the problem worse. Irrigation salinity is when the irrigation water, used to provide water for crops and pasture, seeps down to the water table, with all the dissolved salts, rises and kills the crops and grass, as they are not used to the salty soils. Deforestation is the complete removal of a forest ecosystem and conversion of the land to another type of landscape. It differs from clear-cutting, which entails complete removal of all standing trees but leaves the soil in a condition to regrow a new forest if seeds are available. Over drafting is the process of extracting groundwater beyond the safe yield or equilibrium yield of the aquifer. Since every groundwater basin recharges at a different rate depending upon precipitation, vegetative cover and soil conservation practices, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces. Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge and thus the process of over drafting can have consequences of effectively drying up certain sub-surface water supplies. Land Degradation Processes The main outcome of land degradation is a substantial reduction in the productivity of land. The land degradation processes include soil erosion, nutrient depletion, salinization, desertification and soil acidification or alkalinisation. Soil erosion is a natural process that removes soil from the land. The critical aspect of soil erosion for our purpose here is that the rate of the process is highly dependent on human actions. Natural rates of soil erosion are lower for soil with a good cover of vegetation than for bare soil. In fact, any human actions that uncover soil (farming, logging, building, overgrazing, fires, etc.) greatly enhance soil erosion rates. Soil salinization is the concentration of salts in the surface or near surface of soils. It involves the processes of salt accumulation in the upper rooting zone so that many plants are inhibited or prohibited from normal growth. Human induced salinization is a major problem in drylands and is often associated with large-scale irrigation. Dryland Salinity When drylands are irrigated, the water evaporates quickly, leaving behind previously dissolved salts. These salts can collect, since there is little rain to flash the system. The salt in the soil inhibits the uptake of water by plant roots and the soil can no longer sustain a vegetative cover. Irrigation Salinity Irrigation salinity is when the irrigation water, used to provide water for crops and pasture, seeps down to the water table, with all the dissolved salts, rises and kills the crops and grass, as they are not used to the salty soils. Nutrients loss is an important problem in regions of low-input agriculture, such as Africa. In such regions, when crops are harvested, essential nutrients are taken away in the crop and not replaced. Desertification occurs whenever a non-desert area starts to exhibit the characteristics of a true desert. The term was coined by the United Nations in 1977. The main cause of desertification is not drought, but mismanagement of land, including overgrazing and felling of trees and brushwood for fuels. Soil acidification is when certain chemicals are used on the soil, for various reasons including pesticides, removal of salt from the surface and the soil, acid rain, the growth of certain crops, certain animal wastes and etc, these chemicals are often absorbed into the soil and become part of the soil-structure. With these chemicals now part of the soil, the soil may become acidic and therefore crops and pastures will not grow. Soil acidification can lead to a productivity decline up to and equal to 50%. Soil akalinisation is clay soils with high pH (> 9), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate which causes the soil to swell. Sometimes these soils are also referred to as (alkaline) sodic soils. Effect of degradation Several land degradation affected a significant portion of the arable lands, decreasing the wealth and economic development of nations. Land degradation cancels out advanced by improved crop yields and reduced population growth. As the land resource, base becomes less productive, food security is comprised and competition for dwindling resources increases. Thus, a downward eco-social spiral is created when lands are nutrient depleted by unsustainable land management practices resulting in lost soil stability leading to permanent change. Land degradation not only affects soil productivity but also have more significant impacts on receiving water resources. Since soil along with nutrients and contaminants associated with soil, are delivered in large quantities to environments. Land degradation therefore has potentially impacts on lakes and reservoirs that are designed to alleviate flooding provide irrigation and generate Hydro-Power. In summary, land degradation includes soil erosion, salinization, soil acidification or akalinisation and desertification. The rate of degradation has increased dramatically with growth in human populations and technology. Severe land damage accompanies large-scale of agriculture. The continued loss of arable land will jeopardize our ability to feed the world population. Land degradation is a worldwide problem which includes both of the developed and developing countries.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Chaos In The Currency Markets : Currency Crisis Of The EMS :: essays research papers

Chaos in The Currency Markets : Currency Crisis of The EMS 1. What does the crisis of September 1992 tell you about the relative abilities of currency markets and national governments to influence exchange rates?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The currency markets and national governments both have abilities to influence exchange rates. Like other financial markets, foreign exchange markets react to any news that may have a future effect. Speculators are the part of the currency markets that take currency positions based on anticipated interest rate movements in various countries. Day-to-day speculation on future exchange rate movements is commonly driven by signals of future interest rate movements. By using the signal, speculators usually take the position before the things actually occurred. Sometime, if high power enough, the speculators position can influence the exchange rate movement. The government controls is one of the factors affecting exchange rate. The government can influence the equilibrium exchange rate in many way, including direct intervening (buying and selling currencies) in the foreign exchange markets and indirect intervening by affecting macro variables such as interest rates. 2. What does the crisis of September 1992 tell you about the weakness of fixed exchange rate regimes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From European currency crisis of September 1992, it shows us that there are weakness of the fixed exchange rate system. When exchange rate are tied, a high interest rate in one country has a strong influence on interest rates in the other countries. Funds will flow to the country with a more attractive interest rate, which reduces the supply of fund in the other countries and places upward pressure on their interest rates. The flow of fund would continue until the interest rate differential has been eliminated or reduced. This process would not necessarily apply to countries outside ERM that do not in the fixed exchange rate system, because the exchange rate risk may discourage the flow of funds to the countries with relatively high interest rate. However, since the ERM requires central banks to maintain the exchange rates between currencies within specified boundaries, investors moving funds among the participating European countries are less concerned about exchange rate risk. 3. Assess the impact of the events of September 1992 on the EU 's ability to establish a common currency by 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major concern of a common currency is based on the concept of a single European monetary policy. Each country's government may prefer to implement its own monetary policy. It would have to adapt to a system in which it had only partial input to the European monetary policy that would be implemented in all European countries, including its own. Chaos In The Currency Markets : Currency Crisis Of The EMS :: essays research papers Chaos in The Currency Markets : Currency Crisis of The EMS 1. What does the crisis of September 1992 tell you about the relative abilities of currency markets and national governments to influence exchange rates?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The currency markets and national governments both have abilities to influence exchange rates. Like other financial markets, foreign exchange markets react to any news that may have a future effect. Speculators are the part of the currency markets that take currency positions based on anticipated interest rate movements in various countries. Day-to-day speculation on future exchange rate movements is commonly driven by signals of future interest rate movements. By using the signal, speculators usually take the position before the things actually occurred. Sometime, if high power enough, the speculators position can influence the exchange rate movement. The government controls is one of the factors affecting exchange rate. The government can influence the equilibrium exchange rate in many way, including direct intervening (buying and selling currencies) in the foreign exchange markets and indirect intervening by affecting macro variables such as interest rates. 2. What does the crisis of September 1992 tell you about the weakness of fixed exchange rate regimes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From European currency crisis of September 1992, it shows us that there are weakness of the fixed exchange rate system. When exchange rate are tied, a high interest rate in one country has a strong influence on interest rates in the other countries. Funds will flow to the country with a more attractive interest rate, which reduces the supply of fund in the other countries and places upward pressure on their interest rates. The flow of fund would continue until the interest rate differential has been eliminated or reduced. This process would not necessarily apply to countries outside ERM that do not in the fixed exchange rate system, because the exchange rate risk may discourage the flow of funds to the countries with relatively high interest rate. However, since the ERM requires central banks to maintain the exchange rates between currencies within specified boundaries, investors moving funds among the participating European countries are less concerned about exchange rate risk. 3. Assess the impact of the events of September 1992 on the EU 's ability to establish a common currency by 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major concern of a common currency is based on the concept of a single European monetary policy. Each country's government may prefer to implement its own monetary policy. It would have to adapt to a system in which it had only partial input to the European monetary policy that would be implemented in all European countries, including its own.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Scientific Murder Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Scientific Murder: Human Experimentation in Nazi Germany The Nazi's were infamous for their cruel and unusual experiments on humans. Although they played a small part of Nazi Germany's attempt at racial hygiene, these experiments desecrated and exterminated thousands of humans (Lifton 269). "The Nazi medical experiments of the 1930's and 1940's are the most famous example of recent disregard for ethical conduct " (Polit & Hungler 127). For the sake of science, thousands lost their lives "I have no words. I thought we were human beings. We were living creatures. How could they do things like that?" (Auschwitz survivor as quoted in Lifton 269). Was it really science, or was it murder? After the Nazi's seized power in 1933, patients no longer had protection by law from German scientists. These scientists could use any method of "research or treatment". "Terrible experiments carried out in the concentration camps were symptomatic of this amoral attitude of the German scientific community" (Friedlander 131). Prior to 1933, scientists promoted radical measures in the study of racial science. "Prominent eugenicists-anthropologists, geneticists, psychiatrists-influenced both Nazi ideologues and a generation of scientists and physicians" (Friedlander 123). Literature from these scientists influenced Adolf Hitler and many scientists during the Nazi period (Friedlander 123). Science in Germany quickly adjusted to the ideas of race and eugenics. "The enthusiastic participation of the scientific and medical establishment in the sterilization program was an indication of the fact that its ideology meshed with that of the Nazi movement' (Friedlander 125). The concept of racial hygiene was the foundation of Germany's eugenic and racial policy. State hospital directors and scientists founded institutes and departments for researching heredity. In order for scientist to move up in rank, they were coerced to comply with racial hygiene as prescribed by the regime. "Loyalty to ideology determined access to research grants and job opportunities" (Friedlander 126). Euthanasia became a solution to the problem of the slow process of mass sterilization. German scientists were eager to benefit ... ...wledge in science and medicine" (Caplan 65). The German anthropological and psychiatric scientists trapped themselves with their own mythological beliefs. "Every science at its beginning builds on its own mythological foundations. As it progresses, those parts which can no longer be integrated into the whole are dropped" (Muller-Hill 101). The scientists of the Third Reich proved to be malicious and destructive and "in the last analysis, stupid" (Muller-Hill 101). German scientists proved themselves to be traitors to science as they spilled the blood of innocent victims to consecrate their myth (Muller-Hill 101). Bibliography Caplan, Arthur L. When Medicine Went Mad. Totowa: Humana Press, 1992. Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genicide From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. Lifton, Robert J. The Nazi Doctors. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1986. Polit, Denise F., and Bernadette P. Hungler. Essentials of Nursing Research. Philadelphia: New York: Lippencott-Raven, 1997. Muller-Hill, Benno. Murderous Science. Oxford: New York: Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Masculine and Feminine Perspectives in Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthou

Masculine and Feminine Perspectives in To the Lighthouse      Ã‚  Ã‚   Although subjectivity and objectivity are both constantly at work in today's society, the two concepts have opposite meanings.   We can categorize subjectivity as a quality that dominates the female persona, whereas objectivity is clearly the tool of the male.   Woolf represents these two opposing views in the form of characters.   During the course of a conversation concerning the weather, Mr. Ramsay and Mr. Tansley completely sever logic from emotion and concentrate only on the facts surrounding the matter.   They believe that life can be empirically cut up into millions of facts and truths.   Mrs. Ramsay, on the other hand, believes that empirical data and personal subjectivity should be viewed together and with equal importance.   Mr. Ramsay and Mr. Tansley represent the masculine worldview concerning facts and feelings, and Mrs. Ramsay represents the feminine worldview.   In this novel, Woolf is not arguing to do away with empiricism completely, she si mply believes it should be considered along with subjectivity.   Mrs. Ramsay fights against the hopelessness that empiricism brought and seeks to weave her own worldview, hoping to win James. And because Mr. Ramsay boldly asserts that this perception of the world is "the folly of women's minds" (31), places this novel not just on a level of critiquing worldviews, but worldviews as perceived through gender.   This essay will argue that the feminine worldview, presented by Mrs. Ramsay in To the Lighthouse, is the most virtuous perception because it seeks a balance ... ...her people's feelings . . . was to her so horrible an outrage of human decency that . . . there was nothing to be said" (31-32).   Mrs. Ramsay produces the most virtuous worldview because she accepted empiricism and made room for hope and considered other people's feelings.    Works Cited and Consulted: Gilbert, Sandra M. and Gubar, Susan. No Man's Land, Volume 3,: Letters From the Front. London: Yale University Press, 1994. Latham, Jacqueline, ed. Critics on Virginia Woolf. Florida: University of Miami Press, 1970. O'Brien Schaefer, Josephine. The Three-fold Nature of Reality in the Novels of Virginia Woolf. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1965, pp. 111-13, 118-25. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1960

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Integrating Traditional Medicine with Western Medicine

Name: Anthony OLUSOLA Course Title:Medical Anthropology Topic:Traditional and Bio-Medical Practice: Integrating traditional and modern systems in the Nigerian health care delivery. Research Question: To what extent, if any, has traditional medicine in comparison to Bio-Medical practice, been incorporated to the health care delivery systems in Nigeria and how much promotion is given to the significance and efficacy of the practice of traditional medicine in curing same illness? Abstract:The practice of traditional medicine among the people of Nigeria in the Western region of Africa transcends the advent of Bio-Medicine and occupies a prominent position in the delivery of health care. Majority of the rural dwellers as well as substantial proportion of the urban dwellers rely on traditional medicine for solutions to illness and healing. A significant number of Nigerians living abroad rely strongly on the efficacy of traditional herbs for medical treatment, regardless of their level of e ducation and cost of transporting such herbal medicine to their country of residence.However, several successive governments in Nigeria have continued to neglect the indigenous health care methods in their health policy. This paper examines the relevance of traditional medicine and its contributions to health care delivery systems in Nigeria, and the rate at which people opt for alternative medical interventions as brought about by the inaccessibility of modern medicine as well as the financial implications. Against these backdrops, this paper proposes considerable recognition for traditional medical practice and its possible integration into the nation’s health care delivery system. Medical system in Nigeria: An examinationWhereas health is the most precious of all things and it is the foundation of all happiness, traditional medicine, in response to the health needs of the people, developed as an integral part of the various communities in Nigeria and its practice dates bac k in time, long before the advent of modern technology and inventions. It in fact, plays a huge role in providing a sense of identity and spirituality to the people of Nigeria. Historically, traditional medicine reflects the social-religious structures of the indigenous societies from which it emerges, along with the values, beliefs, behaviours and practices developed over the years.The administration of traditional medicine is conducted by a traditional healer or elder, often regarded as native doctors, who took care of their patients using extracts of plants, animals and mineral substances as well as other methods based on the social, cultural and religious beliefs of the community. Such person is also considered to be well grounded in the prevailing knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in the community about physical, mental and social well-being and the cause of diseases and disabilities (WHO, 1976).The medical services provided by this individual is widely acceptable among the peo ple both in the rural and the urban areas. According to World Health Organization, traditional medicine is the totality of knowledge and practices, whether explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing or eliminating a physical, mental or social dis-equilibrium and which rely exclusively on past experiences and observations handed down from generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing (WHO,1976).With this definition, it can be argued that the practice of traditional knowledge is rooted in the in-depth wisdom and versatility of the administrator not only on the causality of diseases, but also the need for a healthy community without necessarily draining the people of their finances thus making health care accessible and affordable. However, despite the importance of traditional medicine, it has incredibly suffered neglect and non-recognition by the nation’s health developing and planning agencies.More attention is continually drawn to the modern medical system with little or no concern for the accessibility of this system as well and its affordability. The sustainability of an average family in Nigeria is valued at less than 5 dollars a day. Notwithstanding the government’s preposition on the establishment of a health care system that is promotive, protective, preventive, restorative and rehabilitative to every citizen of the country within the available resources so that individuals and communities are assured of productivity, social well-being nd enjoyment of living (F. M. H. 1988), the system, as is currently practiced is very inadequate in comparison to the Nigerian growing population and slow-paced economic development. According to the health manpower statistics, the ratio of the registered medical doctors as against the population’s need is put at 1:1,100 with modern medical facilities being administered in mega cities and little or none made available at the rural areas.As a result of lack of supervision or adequate provision for the essential needs of medical practitioners, doctors often times are faced with the conscientious decision to commute to the rural areas to administer Medicare on out-of-pocket expenses, which after a while becomes impossible to carry on. Thus the people in the rural area are left in the care of the traditional healer, who eventually cure their diseases with less charges than the bio-medical practice thereby saving the patients some money.The news of the efficacy of the traditional medical administration soon spreads to the urban cities and an inflow of travelers is experienced for consultation and medical attention. In certain medical cases, modern medical practitioners would refer a particular patient with illness considered incurable using modern medications to traditional healers thus further reaffirming the extent to which traditional medicine constitute important source of medical care for many people regardless of their wealth or level of education.Unfortunatel y, the effect of globalization and capitalist theory has eaten deep into the Nigerian government such that the individual gains or profits of the policy makers and that of those at the corridor of power is rated high and considered most important than the health and healing of the citizens. Much ado is made on the need for the nation to catch up with modern world in science and technology but the nation’s economy, as it is presently, cannot readily meet the high cost of modern health care and the advanced technology.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Pfizer information systems Essay

Pfizer is a health organization in form of a pharmaceutical company. It has its headquarters in London. Due to the wide distribution of activities within the corporation however, success of its activities has been through the use of Clinical Management System (CMS). This is management software, which is in a form of a wide scope of database that support the storage, processing and release of information across different departments. In 2000, this information system database won the top honor towards care management. The nature of the database is inform of a complex autonomy of information sourcing, storage and dissemination center to the various departments within the organization. (http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/Xplore/login. jsp? url=/iel5/6709/20043/00926806. pdf? arnumber=926806) It has been an important implement towards the maintenance of patient records in electronic forms. It helps in providing support for the providers of primary care, care managers, health professionals and nurses with the most appropriate framework for decision-making. Within its system, CMS database holds records about the outlay of various chronic diseases. Elsewhere, it is equipped with the health information of various patients which is seen as an important step towards offering adequate performance lifestyle in the care management for the patients. (http://www. pfizer. com. my/01b_bus. asp) To Pfizer, CMS database system was developed as a solution towards patients care management. It has been a tool for supplement health care management in various institutional process management within the organization. A complex autonomy of data is held within its system which captures patient health history, chronic diseases, and medical attention given to them above others. Decision support for patients is attained through the provision of information across various departments within the organization. The database helps the professionals for health care in collected the most appropriate medical history, laboratory data, medical data information on treatment status, symptoms and other basic patient information. Within its system also, treatment information on patients that have diabetes, depression and heart failure is maintained. It also has a component of modules that are used by health care professionals in facilitating health lifestyles. Consequently, an approach towards lifestyles that help to reduce the risks involved in cardiovascular disease is provided. (http://www. pfizerhealthsolutions. com/media/071301_award. asp) Therefore, CMS is a risk management database system where information which is patient specific is stored. Consequently, the stored information is thus configured towards providing the most appropriate real-time analyzed decision support structures to the caregivers. The application of the information held in the system involves trained nurses as well as care managers who are licensed to use various program protocols under strict supervision of a specialist. They then deliver the most appropriate care towards the success of the patients. It has various clinical features and functions aimed at patient care management. Generally, Pfizer Health solutions have been known in offering and enhancing efficiency and quality in health care delivery. This would perhaps be a simple structure of database CMS information system.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

The Mirage Hotel and Casino

The Mirage Hotel and Casino (The Hotel Industry) By Gregory D. Tucker The word â€Å"hotel† didn’t appear until the 18th century. It came from the French hotel, large house, and originated in the Latin roots hospitium or hospes. Hospitality, hostile and hotels are all related words. The difficulty of identifying early travelers as friends or foes probably accounts for the conflict in meaning Friendly travelers found security and accommodations through the hospitality of their hosts. As the numbers of travelers increased, personal courtesy gave way to commercial enterprise. The hotel was born carrying with it a culture of hospitality.The hotel industry grew and flourished through the centuries by adapting to the changing social, business, and economic environment that marked human progress. During the modern times, these stages have been labeled for easy reference. The 18th century was the agricultural age; the 19th century, the industrial age. The 20th century has been the age of service. The sale of services, such as medicine, banking, education and hotelkeeping, has outpaced the manufacture and distribution of goods. The 21st century has opened with that same service culture even as it launces what is likely to be the age of technology.The Mirage was built by developer Steve Wynn and designed by Joel Bergman. It opened in November 1989 and was the first resort that was built with the money of Wall Street through the use of junk bonds. It was built on the site, formerly occupied by the Castaways and previous to that, the Red Rooster Nite Club. The Mirage was the most expensive hotel-casino in history, with a construction cost of US $630 million. The hotel's distinctive gold windows get their color from actual gold dust used in the tinting process. Hotels employ a many people with a variety of skills.Hotels have plumbers, accountants, bartenders, cooks, grounds managers, telecommunications experts, and computer trouble shooters. Depending on the s ize of the hotel will determine how many different specialists are required to work there. Managing all of the different types of people requires a organizational structure. The general manager is the person responsible for everything that happens at the hotel. Because hotels never close and are open 24 hours a day, some hotels use a rotating management schedule to cover the night, weekend and holiday periods.The general manager supervises and controls all of the departments in the hotel. The Food and Beverage Manager works with the Front Office in close coordination. They deal with the production and service of food and beverage. Food production is headed by a Chef, or Executive Chef. Services range from in room service, restaurant, the bar, and banquet and convention services. Every department that services guests falls within the responsibility of the hotel manager. The hotel manager deals with every service except for Food and Beverage. The hotel manager reports to the General M anager.Some of the most important areas of the hotel manager’s responsibility are the uniformed services, the concierge, telephone, and other departments. Hotel manager oversees the Uniformed Services department. This has included traditional jobs such as baggage porters, transportation clerks, elevator operators, bellpersons and door attendants. In recent years however, this area of the hotel industry that is on decline. Several reasons include the fact that guests travel lighter todaythan before, suitcases have wheels, and fewer pieces of luggage means fewer trips from the car to the hotel room, meaning less demand for uniformed services.In addition, because of minimum wage laws, these non-essential services are being cut. The Concierge is another department that the Hotel Manager oversees. The concierge is position that is mandated by an organization called The International Union of Concierges, in Paris, France. In Canada, this organization is called Les Clefs d’or Canada. Members wear the Golden Keys as their symbol of professionalism. Before hotels started using electronic key cards the concierge was the person responsible for guarding the hotel’s keys. Today the role of the concierge includes many duties.The Front Office is an easily identifiable area of the lobby. Functionally it is the heart of the hotel. Through the front desk flows communications with every department of the hotel. The primary purpose of the hotel is to sell rooms. For large hotels room sales account for half of the hotel’s revenue. For smaller hotels, room sales account for almost all of the hotel’s revenue. Hotel guests relate with the front desk. They go to the front desk to have all of their concerns and needs met. It is the primary guest-service centre. Structure of the Front Office and Working Hours: The front office is located in the hotel lobby.Front-desk computers have greatly reduced the amount of space the front office occupies. This has allowed for new lobby designs. A well designed lobby functions like a town centre. Modern lobbies are ideal for networking, they offer small furniture that allows for privacy for cell-phone use, as well as intimacy for cocktail gatherings. Regardless, the lobby design must provide easy access to the front office. Modern front desk design allows for impressing the guest. Factors such lighting, form, materials, and architecture are used to enhance the guest’s experience.Some front desks are nudged into lobby corners while others are lobby’s focal point. Whichever design is used, the front desk needs to provide security to the employees and to the guests. Security is enhanced when the front office employees have an unobstructed view of the lobby, all entry doors, and elevators. Hotels never close, so structure is very important. Work schedules in hotels must provide around the clock staffing, especially at the front desk. There are three main shifts in most hotels, the D ay Shift, the Swing Shift, and the Graveyard Shift.Most employees work an eight hour shift, five days a week, with two days off per week. Most employees prefer the Day Shift, which runs from 7:30am to 3:30pm. It allows for the usual workweek. Bellpersons prefer to work the swing shift, which runs from 3:30pm to 11:30pm. During this shift is when arrivals and tips are the heaviest. The graveyard shift runs from 11:30pm to 7:30am. This shift has the least guest activity, but it is important because it is when the night audit is completed. Building structure is also very important. If a hotel isn’t feasible to the eyes it will be passed up.Hotels in North America have changed considerably in recent years. Typically, these changes have been seen since the 1950’s. Changes in room sizes, amenities, and bed sizes. Another interesting feature about building structure are the cultural differences found in room and floor numbering. The Mirage isn’t like any other hotel, b ut in the same light it is. The attractions, the famous Volcano, the rooms, the restaurants and the staff are all different from other hotels/casinos and resorts, but the structure of this modern hotel is almost identical to any other hotel.Besides its construction, it is also considered noteworthy because it had set a new standard for Vegas resorts, and is also considered the father of today’s Las Vegas. The Mirage was the first hotel casino to use security cameras full time. Prior to the Mirage’s arrival the city was experiencing a decline in tourism that began in the 70’s. The Mirage is an organization that visualized dealing with customers in terms of a cycle of service, a repeatable sequence of events in which various people try to meet the customer needs and expectations at each point.When a customer considers the services that they required complete, it begins anew when he or she decides to come back for more. Works Cited James A. Bardi, Ed. D. , CHA, CHE â€Å"Hotel Front Office Management† John Wiley ; Sons Inc. 2007 Gary K. Vallen, Jerome J. Vallen â€Å" Check-In Check-Out: Managing Hotel Operation, March 2008 MGM Resorts International â€Å"The Mirage. com† 2013 Arnold M. Knightly â€Å"Blink and You’ll Miss Him† Las Vegas Review-Journal February 2007 Norm Clarke â€Å"Mystere† June 2003

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Dome of the Rock: Jeruselam

1 Jake Kelly 4/27/2012 Art History 130c Report Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem The Dome of the Rock is in an area surrounded by religious influences and not all these are Islamic. It is located on the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem, which has gone through many religious changes. Religious groups have been fighting over this area for thousands of years and the fighting still continues today. Many different groups have inhabited this region, but not many have made the impact as the group responsible for the Dome of the Rock.The most dramatic change came when the Muslims took Jerusalem the Christians. When this historical event happened, the Muslims wanted to get rid of any Christian influence, and the Dome of the Rock reflects this idea. This new ruling group wanted to take the religious focus from every previous Christian piece of architecture and turn it towards the Dome of the Rock. To accomplish the construction of a building that overlooked all over Jerusalem, there needed to be a eleva ted, flat space.The location of its construction is a plateau above the holy city and is another clue to what the Muslims were trying to accomplish. The Haram had many Christian holy spots located there, including the tomb of Christ and the rotunda above it. The structure we see today, has pro Islam calligraphy on the outside walls as well as the mosaics located inside. This use of calligraphy in art work in the Dome of the Rock is one of the first used in Muslim architecture. They use the calligraphy for Qur’anic versus’ as well as explain their faith to people visiting the Dome.Even though the Muslims were trying to out do the previous 2 religion, Christian influence is seen through the octagonal shape of the structure. Along with the location and calligraphy, the nature theme of the art work inside show the religious shift that was taking place at the time of its creation. In early Islamic art that was used during this period of time, no human art forms are used. Th is was against Islamic law, and much of the Christian architecture of the region followed completely opposite guidelines with human forms. When the Islamic religion took hold of this egion, they did not integrate the Christian holy structures into a Mosque, but instead used Islamic art and architecture in the building of the Dome of the Rock to show the new Islamic dominance over the existing Christian architecture. â€Å"Tradition-Jewish, Christian and Muslim-holds that Solomon built this Temple, dedicated to the Israelite God Yahweh, in the southeast corner of what is now Jerusalem’s Old City, on a platform known to the Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount to Muslims as the Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary). () (figure 1). The area known to the Muslims as Haram as-Sharif only because of its overlooking presence on the city of Jerusalem, was a very religious cite for the Christian religion that has ideas the Muslims do not agree with. In the Islamic faith, the follow ers believe Jesus was not the son of God. They believe Jesus was a prophet, but was not the son of God as he claimed during his life on earth. This is the major difference between the two faiths and has caused controversy among members of both religions.The single idea of whether or not Jesus is the son of God has, and will keep these two groups competing for dominance. This competition can be seen through the location the architect chose for the 3 Dome of the Rock. The Omayyad caliph ‘Abd al-Malik chose this position to draw attention from the old â€Å"center of Jerusalem† and the Christian Holy Sepulchre church and the rotunda over the tomb of Jesus, to a new Islamic architectural creation that later was caped with a golden dome. The Dome of the Rock now, dominates the Jerusalem skyline.Al-Malik’s plan worked, but was intended to do much more than just overlook old Christian structures. They wanted nothing to do with these structures and it is reflected by man y of the themes chosen for this piece of art. The design, structure, and art are all Islamic art forms intended to show the dominance of the new group over the people who previously dominated the area. â€Å"The Arabs referred to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by a different name, using a pun in Arabic. In Christian tradition the church is widely known as the Church of the Resurrection-al-Qiyama in Arabic.The Arabs changed its name to al-Qamama- church of the Dung. †()(figure 2). Disrespect to the Christian faith was the intent of this name changing, but other reasons lie below the surface. The new ruling Islamic group changed the name almost as propaganda for the people to see this beautiful church as below the new Islamic architecture. This tactic has been used time and time again throughout art history to draw attention and show dominance of the new ruling religion or group. With all this negativity towards anything Christian, the Dome of the Rock would think to have no such influence.The golden dome is the exact same inner dimensions as the Sepulchre Church and the octagonal structure was first seen in Christian architecture. With the disagreement, the Muslim builders could not deny the Christian building 4 techniques and layout when creating the Dome of the Rock. The structure may be very similar, but that is not what sets it apart from Christian architecture. The art work incorporated with the building tells an Islamic story and shows the shift from tradition Christian art to a completely different style used by the creators. A major shift also occurs with the subject matter incorporated the art.The Christians used many statues and paintings in their religious locations, but the new Islamic group now only used things like nature and calligraphy in all there art. What is seen on the outside of the structure, on the mosaics inside, and the calligraphy around the arcades tell a Muslim story that was meant to show an end to the Christian rule of the area. â€Å"It rises atop a tall cylinder of some 98 feet (30m) over the platform. Constructed of wood, it is not gilded but covered with a special alloy containing gold that provides its vaguely golden tone.The cupola is supported by a circular arcade of four piers and sixteen columns flanked by two ambulatories surrounds the cylinder and holds tight, as in a ring. The ambulatories together are 46 feet (14m) deep, and give the whole building a diameter of some 157 feet (48m). It rises to only 36 feet (11m) inside and 43 feet (13m) on the outside, strengthening the impact of the central cylinder with cupola. † () The structure of the Dome of the Rock was not huge like many other Islamic religious structures.Compared with the Mosques and other Islamic holy sites studied in art history, this is very small and shaped different, but still keeps the normal Islamic theme of the time. Islamic holy sites are usually gigantic elaborate buildings on the outside as well as the in, but this is where the Dome is different. The only real elaborate piece to the outside is the golden dome that can be noticed and recognized from far distances. This was a structure made to look like structurally like the existing Christian holy sites. The similarity between structures was intended 5 ot to mimic, but to show that their religion was the truth, through the Islamic art work and calligraphy. The least elaborate section of the building is the outside and has calligraphy that was once with Islamic based mosaics. The gold dome with a plain building is a strategic move that give the structure a very unique quality. The inside of the Dome of the Rock may be more important than the dome itself and what it stood for. There are documents inside the building telling what the calligraphy inside the building can be translated to. This calligraphy is from the Koran and is on the top of the inner and outer octagonal arcades (figure 3).The calligraphy, â€Å"These passages make three poi nts: (1) God is one; He cannot be born or give birth, a basic Muslim position in relationship to the Christians; (2) God’s messenger is Muhammad, who was brought the divine message to mankind and (3) Jesus, the son of Mary, is also a messenger who should be honored and praised because of his virtuous life and because he carried some of the signs of the divine relationship to man. † () The Muslims and Christians are two religions that have many simililarites, but disagree with who was the prophet and if Jesus was the son of god or just a messenger.As stated earlier, these differences have caused controversy between the two groups, which are meant to be brought out by the Qur’anic versus. These messages of one God, Muhammad as the prophet, and Jesus only being a messenger were inserted in the inside art work to set in stone what religion now controlled this area. They wanted to show who now had the power of the area and wanted it to be clear through the art work an d calligraphy found on the inner and outer arcades. During the time of the construction, no human forms were used in 6 the art work.This is a reason calligraphy can be seen throughout this Muslim based piece of architecture. Calligraphy is a very important piece to almost and Islamic work and always tells a religious story from the Koran or other religious works. To take this even further, the Islamic people may have been trying to flex their chest a little more by staying away from any type of Christian art forms. Whatever the intent was, the calligraphy on the inner and outer arcades comes directly out of the Koran and puts to rest the old Christian ways of the area.To go along with the Islamic calligraphy on the inside of the Dome of the Rock, the incorporation of nature mosaics shows the shift in art work of the area. The patrons and builders of this great building obvisously wanted nothing to do with the art work of the Christians, and is the reason no blending of art happened between the two at this time. When the Christians dominated the area, portraiture was very popular as well as Christian statues and stained glass portraying holy people was not uncommon. During the time period when the Muslims conquered the Christians, human images were not allowed to be subject matter in and Islamic art.The Islamic people wanted to get rid of the Christian art work that went against their faith and first started with the Dome of the Rock. One similarity between the artwork of these two groups could be the use of glass, but they each used glass in different ways. Instead of stain glass mosaics of people, the Muslim builder used small pieces of glass called tesserae to create much of the mosaics that line the walls of the Dome of the Rock. This took time, but when one sees the inside of this great building, the time taken by these artists to do the mosaics was well worth it. 7 It is easy to enumerate the components: acanthus bowls of several different shapes; scrolls made of calices fitted into one another, occasionally simplified into a single ribbon with jewels and adaptable to almost any space; supporting rods, usually artificial cominations of repeated floral or ornamental elements; trees, among which palm trees can be recognized, and tufts of grass; garlands and single leaves which, especially on the soffits, serve as background for fruits; berries, fruits, and vegetables, among which pomergranets, olives, cherries, dates, grapes, and several kinds of cucumbers can be recognized; full or empty cornucopias of many different forms; vases shells; crescents and stars; an astounding array of insignia associated with royal power, such as crowns or tiaras, and other jewelry of many kinds with no royal association; pairs of wings; and artificial combinations of several of these elements to create imaginative and fantastic compositions† () (figure 4). This quote from a book written by Oleg Grabar tells the type of art work found in and around the dome of the rock. There are absolutely no human forms in any of this art work and is not done this way solely because this was Islamic law. The creators wanted to put a completely Muslim piece of architecture in the Jerusalem skyline to let the people of the city and visitors that this was now an Islamic dominated area. †¦reasons for the building of this monument include: (1) the portrayal of the triumph of Islam, the Final Revelation, based off the opulent surface decoration throughout the building, especially the jewel-studded mosaics, precious stones, etc. , and the calligraphy of specific Qur’anic versus symbolizing holiness, wealth, and power, and (2) the commemoration of the location of the Prophet Muhammad’s ‘Night Journey’, especially of the ‘rock’ itself on top of which, according to later traditions, the Prophet stood before being led by angel Gabriel to meet God in the second part of the ‘Night Journey’ â€⠀œ the Miraj. † () Jerusalem has always been an area of religious struggle, because of its location and importance to an abundance of religions. There were Jewish strongholds as well as Christians ruling this area way before the Islamic people came into power.The struggle for power has turned the 8 area into something so sought after, that when they gained control, triumph throughout the Islamic faith began. Constructing a great piece of architecture is a tactic used time in time again throughout history to mark a change in time, and these people were trying to do just that. This building was meant to be on top of the hill looking down over the city, to maybe instill pride in people of the area, but much more than the location is put into its creation. The subject matter of the art is that of Islamic wealth and power. These refrences paint the picture of what these new people to the area were all about.They had power, backed by the Islamic law, and enough money to build pieces of architecture like this all over the area. These rulers and wealthy citizens were very good patrons to the arts and is seen through the construction and choices of art work on the inside of the structure. Patrons willing to spend vast amounts of money on art and architecture can be seen throughout the Muslim history. To take this further, the subject matter and location of the building were not the only reasons for its construction. In the first part of the night journey, Prophet Muhammad travelled all the way to Jerusalem, where he met up the angel Gabriel on the rock contained inside the Dome of the Rock. (figure 5). They then travelled to heaven, hell, and to meet God.The Islamic people take this story, as well as many other stories, very seriously and truthfully believe events like this once occurred upon this rock. This type of religious belief system has been seen around the world for centuries, and anything from something in nature or the world and turn into a relic overni ght. Patrons, as well as builders did not just pick this area because it over looked the city of Jerusalem, they wanted to use the rock as a piece of art and almost a relic to be worshipped while inside the structure. Christian churches always have some type of relic or piece of art inside the church that can be 9 the center of worship. Many times a priest or holy person will kiss this relic that is usually contained inside the alter of a Christian church.People can walk into the Dome of the Rock and be able to relate a story to the rock and Muhammad much like Christians can with the relics in there churches. This may not be your typical art object or relic used in a church, but because its sacred history this giant rock is the center piece of this beautiful piece of art. The exterior of the Dome of the Rock is almost like night and day when you relate it to the elaborate mosaics and arcades of the interior chamber. This is a building that was made to be seen from far away as someon e journeyed into the city. â€Å".. the Dome of the Rock operates as a magnetic entity from afar and breaks down into partial and repetitive elements as one draws near it. () As you approach the city of Jerusalem, towering over the skyline is this magnificent golden dome that appears to be attached to an elaborate building. When one keeps travelling and gets closer to the actual building itself, the gold domed building that once looked elaborate is now very plain. â€Å"What distinguishes the Dome of the Rock, however is that the remote impact is the same wherever one becomes aware of its presence, and nowhere does perception of the building require or invite entry, as do, for instance, the funnellike facades of Gothic cathedrals. † () The evidence is really weak on why exactly this non elaborate technique was used on the exterior part of the building and seems very weird of Muslim architecture and art.Usually the entire structure of a holy location would be covered with art to almost draw in the 10 thousands of people a day to pray. Because it was created to be seen far away and dominate the Jerusalem skyline, they did not elaborately create the outside of the structure to be similar to the inside, but instead used a golden dome to draw people in. With this contrast brings curiosity and could have easily been a motive during construction. Even though the outside, bottom section of the building, is very bland when you compare it to the golden dome or the elaborate tesserae mosaics of the interior, many people still put rank it as one of the most beautiful in the world today.The symmetrical technique, octagonal shape, and the art used in the creation of the Dome of the Rock were before their time and are still thought highly of today. With all the Islamic influence as well as the incorporation of some Christian techniques, one would think there was no more room for outside influence. â€Å"Byzantine, Persian, and Arab design and architecture are blende d in it to create a magnificent whole. The blending of the three types of art is not surprising for all three people shared in the constrction. †() With all these different influences present during construction, no wonder many attribute this piece of architecture with beauty and uniqueness. The mosque of the rock is extrodinary and beautiful. I have visited many places and beautiful buildings in India, Europe, and other parts of the world, and as far as I can remember. I have not seen as magnificent of a building as the Dome of the rock. The symmetry and the gorgeous blending of colors I have not seen in any other building. † (5) Many people around the world share this same opinion of the incredible building. Everything that went into its construction, make it one of the most unique places to visit in the entire world. 11 The Dome of The Rock in Jerusalem was a building constructed by a group of people that were new to an area and wanted to make a point.These were peopl e of the book, with lives that revolved around following the readings found in the Koran. These religious ideas are seen throughout the entire building. Everything from calligraphy, mosaics, and relics are all geared towards Islamic law and pleasing God or Alah in the Islamic faith. This religious influence was not meant to be just looked at and admired by the Muslim people who now had power of the region. The creators and patrons wanted to give the people a building that towered and naturally looked down upon the Christian architecture that was already there. This group even changed the name of a great Christian church of the region to show who now was in control.The Muslim people of this time and place used Islamic art and architecture in the building of the Dome of the Rock to show there dominance over the group who recently inhabited the region. Figure 1 12 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 13 Figure 5 Bibliography Aref, Aref El. A Brief Guide to The Dome of the Rock and Al-Haram Al-Sh arif. Jerusalem: Supreme AWQAF Council, 1959. Print. Bloom, Jonathan M. Early Islamic Art and Architecture. Aldershot [u. a. : Ashgate Variorum, 2002. Print. Grabar, Oleg. The Dome of the Rock. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2006. Print. Nuseibeh, Said, and Oleg Grabar. The Dome of the Rock. New York: Rizzoli, 1996. Print.Shanks, Hershel, and Hershel Shanks. Jerusalem's Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. I watched a National Geography Video I ordered through the library ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem's Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 2 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem's Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 3 ]. Nuseibeh, Said, and Oleg Grabar. The Dome of the Rock. New York: Rizzoli, 1996. Print [ 4 ]. Nuseibeh, Said , and Oleg Grabar. The Dome of the Rock. New York: Rizzoli, 1996. Print [ 5 ]. Grabar, Oleg.The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002. Pg. 224 [ 6 ]. M. Anwarul Islam and Zavid F. Al-hammad. The Dome of the Rock: Origin of its Octagonal Plan. http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. wittenberg. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=b061e92d-24d2-41ec-9e4c-df5ed7fce55d%40sessionmgr15=4=11 [ 7 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem's Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 8 ]. Shanks, Hershel. Jerusalem's Temple Mount: From Solomon to the Golden Dome. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. [ 9 ]. Aref, El Aref. A Brief Guide to The Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem: The Supreme Awqaf Council. 1959.